The problem is that even if two languages each have, say, the Set data type, the implementation of those features and how they interact with the language may be radically different. The closest we have to what you're describing right now probably exists in compile-to-JS languages, where one language's implementation of a particular data type or standard library function can (at least in its compiled form) be used by another language.

That, or maybe something at one layer of abstraction up from LLVM - but I'm no expert.