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Sure, but there's no reason filesystem encryption has to be sequential. The problem isn't with tweakable ciphers; the problem is with ECB-like tweakable ciphers with no authentication.

The LRW paper has some starting points for tweakable ciphers with random access properties. Note that if you're doing filesystem encryption, you have a place you can put a nonce to do randomization. For that matter, you could divide files up into 4k pages and use OCB for the pages.

I don't think I understand your point about handing filesystem drivers untrusted data.

If you encrypt at a block level then the pre-authentication parsing code is relatively simple. If you encrypt on top of a filesystem, it's more complicated and relatively likely to have vulnerabilities (seen in practice in iOS at least). It may not be that important, but it's a factor.

Sure, but it's also the case that encrypting at the block level means that upper-layer filesystem code needs to be prepared to deal with corrupted metadata, which is stored in encrypted sectors that attackers can randomize.

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