As someone who had started out as a self-taught programmer and only after a couple of years went back to school to get a degree, I can confirm that. I think the only thing from your list that I had been familiar with from my self-studies was the Big O notation and some algorithms and data structures. I first went back to get the degree mostly for the piece of paper with better job security and salary prospects in mind, but I actually enjoyed hearing about most of these things. I would add two things to your list which were great fun: automata/languages (I had known how to use regular expressions before, but I had no idea where they came from and how they fit a bigger picture) and heuristic algorithms (like simulated annealing and what not).

In all honesty, I can't say I know for a fact that knowing these things made me a better developer. It's hard to quantify. In your day-to-day life you don't generally use such knowledge. It's entirely possible that it didn't make any difference to my actual work. I certainly did use it during job interviews and lunch-time conversations with my coworkers.