I've only heard of this concept in academic languages, I don't feel knowledgeable enough to recommend any specific one. In terms of mainstream languages, I think an analogous concept is the use-before-initialization analysis that languages like Rust employ, e.g. if I have a variable defined like this:

    let x: u8;

I can't actually do anything with this variable:

    foo(x); // error

Except I can apply the initialization operator:

    x = 42;

And now I can do things with this variable as usual.

But consider that the type of x hasn't changed as a result of the initialization. Beforehand it was a u8, and afterward it was still a u8, and yet something about the state of the variable changed my ability to use it in various contexts. I believe that typestate is something like this, generalized to allow variables to flow through states (like a compile-time state machine) to ensure that things happen in the correct order.