I think there are simpler explanations:

1) historically, wealth has often been obtained by violence, corruption and other less than ethical means;

2) even if it was obtained legitimately, most societies expect the wealthy to donate a significant portion of their wealth, slowly making them less wealthy;

3) (and this is probably the strongest one) the appearance of wealth or poverty is what matters, it's very frowned upon to flaunt your wealth while humble living is seen as righteous.

4) (this one is controversial) it's a coping mechanism, especially in cases of severe generational poverty where people have given up trying to climb the economic place (and quite possibly for good reason).

This is particularly true in Christian societies due to that passage you quoted (and others like it in the new testament) but it does appear in all societies.

I'd say the evolutionary argument is relatively weak to all of the above.