Found the mistake. The offset for the program header table should be c0 00 instead of 00 01 (third row on the website, starting at byte 0020). Here is the correct code.
echo 'f0VMRgIBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAIAPgABAAAA+ABAAAAAAADAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAOAABAEAAAgABAAEAAAABAAAABgAAAAAAAAD4AEAAAAAAAPgAAAAAAAAADgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHAAAAAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGAQAAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAUAAAD4AAAAAAAAAPgAQAAAAAAA+ABAAAAAAAAOAAAAAAAAAA4AAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAABIx8A8AAAAvyoAAAAPBQAudGV4dAAuc2hzdHJ0YWIA' | base64 -d > main
./main
echo $? # should print 42
Comments
Found the mistake. The offset for the program header table should be c0 00 instead of 00 01 (third row on the website, starting at byte 0020). Here is the correct code.