When I sell products or services on a marketplace like eBay, Etsy, Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, Steam, Shopify, Apple Store, Amazon, etc., the marketplace handles the payment and the marketplace takes a cut for themselves.
It seems the 2nd EU link of gatekeepers in my original comment is no longer loading as it was before, but this link with "_en" suffixed to it does; can't edit my previous comment though.
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You might be interested in the upcoming Digital Markets Act by the EU that is built to address this among other things.
https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Notably you can check out their list of gatekeeper services
https://digital-markets-act-cases.ec.europa.eu/gatekeepers
When I sell products or services on a marketplace like eBay, Etsy, Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, Steam, Shopify, Apple Store, Amazon, etc., the marketplace handles the payment and the marketplace takes a cut for themselves.
How is Android any different?
It seems the 2nd EU link of gatekeepers in my original comment is no longer loading as it was before, but this link with "_en" suffixed to it does; can't edit my previous comment though.
https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/gatekeepers_en
In there you will find pdfs for each entity with not only the qualifiers/assessments, but also the counter arguments they presented.
For example, here is one from Alphabet that also brings up your point in the counter argument
https://ec.europa.eu/competition/digital_markets_act/cases/2...