The SFFA case used some research from Princeton(I was told this so I never verified it was from Princeton) which showed that among Asians with a 1550+ on the SAT, the top one percentile of Asian students taking the test exceeded the number of seats at Harvard, etc. for freshman. The SAT has some stats here https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/sat-percentile-r...
So the SFFA case argued that the Ivies must be suppressing high scoring Asians. Although ultimately the court case came down to whether or not it was legal for schools to use race for admissions. But, for example, nearly 1 million white students took the SAT in 2020. The top 1 percentile of 1 million is ~10000. Yet the white enrollment at Harvard was only about ~37% that year but discrimination against whites didn't seem to be a factor because SFFA argued that legacy and athletic admissions were secret backdoors allowing AA for white students, without any evidence for this claim.
There is a fair bit of research done about the East-Asian style "shadow education" as they call it. It's worth looking into. As well, the College Board has historically not done a good job of securing the test especially on the international level where a lot of cheating scandals have arisen. The same test prep companies that operate in China and Korea also have operations in the US. This is worth looking at https://theconversation.com/test-prep-is-a-rite-of-passage-f... because it presents evidence that test prep is only really effective in the way East Asians use it which is for long periods of time.
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The SFFA case used some research from Princeton(I was told this so I never verified it was from Princeton) which showed that among Asians with a 1550+ on the SAT, the top one percentile of Asian students taking the test exceeded the number of seats at Harvard, etc. for freshman. The SAT has some stats here https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/sat-percentile-r...
So the SFFA case argued that the Ivies must be suppressing high scoring Asians. Although ultimately the court case came down to whether or not it was legal for schools to use race for admissions. But, for example, nearly 1 million white students took the SAT in 2020. The top 1 percentile of 1 million is ~10000. Yet the white enrollment at Harvard was only about ~37% that year but discrimination against whites didn't seem to be a factor because SFFA argued that legacy and athletic admissions were secret backdoors allowing AA for white students, without any evidence for this claim.
https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/2/435/223527... <- if you can access this article. But here is a quote from a different researcher citing this article (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40984541):
Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than whites from comparable backgrounds to utilize test preparation
This paper also shows a similar outcome and includes Asians. Asians are the most likely to take test prep. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/000283121142560...
There is a fair bit of research done about the East-Asian style "shadow education" as they call it. It's worth looking into. As well, the College Board has historically not done a good job of securing the test especially on the international level where a lot of cheating scandals have arisen. The same test prep companies that operate in China and Korea also have operations in the US. This is worth looking at https://theconversation.com/test-prep-is-a-rite-of-passage-f... because it presents evidence that test prep is only really effective in the way East Asians use it which is for long periods of time.