This is what a mathematician would call a function. In particular a multivariate function. This comes up throughout mathematics, but particularly in algebra, calculus and analysis.
If you want to look at how small changes in inputs affect the output ("sensitivity analysis"), multivariate calculus can help with that.
If you want to find particular values of the V0, V1, etc which give the highest or lowest output value, that is called mathematical optimization. What kind of optimization (linear, quadratic, local, global etc) depends exactly on what your function looks like.
Comments
This is what a mathematician would call a function. In particular a multivariate function. This comes up throughout mathematics, but particularly in algebra, calculus and analysis.
If you want to look at how small changes in inputs affect the output ("sensitivity analysis"), multivariate calculus can help with that.
If you want to find particular values of the V0, V1, etc which give the highest or lowest output value, that is called mathematical optimization. What kind of optimization (linear, quadratic, local, global etc) depends exactly on what your function looks like.