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How about macro photography. When you get really close to something your depth of field shrinks. This lead to the invention of focus stacking. If instead of having to take 4 pictures, you can now take only 1, you can capture incredible things.

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Focus_stackin...

This is indeed an interesting topic. Especially in high numerical aperture objectives incredible things are possible.

One can put a diffractive optical element infront of the sensor and obtain 25 instantaneous images, each at a different depth.

http://waf.eps.hw.ac.uk/research/live_cell_imaging.html

Couple this with high resolution techniques and your at the current research front and could possibly solve the question:

What happens in a synapse?

It is theoretically possible to image at 40nm resolution with 100fps and therefore see the transport of vesicles.

One can expect important discoveries on how the brain works using these techniques.

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