Do you have some more detaile about your app?

I use perf, sysprof, trace32, visual studio profiler for profiling, but this highly depends on your environment.

These assorted links might be interesting to you:

- https://github.com/Kobzol/hardware-effects

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJJTYQYB1JQ

- https://godbolt.org/

- http://igoro.com/archive/gallery-of-processor-cache-effects/