Here’s a slightly different take: The Secret Life of Programs (https://nostarch.com/foundationsofcomp ). It starts with a practical set of things and then ends with some survey overviews for people who want to know more.

A complement, not really an alternative, to this pdf.

(I fumble fingered this the first time and left out the link! Unfortunately I can't delete the confusing comment but fortunately it is being downvoted away)