As far as I can tell, Galileo has nothing like this. They have a small buffer of future ephemeris data, but the ground segment failure here was so long that it completely ran out. Their approach seems to be full accuracy or why even bother.

It's probably easier to say "our system being down won't be catastrophic" when it's one of 4+ systems rather than one of one, like GPS was.

Also probably not inaccurate to say that the US military cares more about what happens after the nukes start falling than the ESA does.